Ketamine Produces Anesthesia and Analgesia in
Miniature Pigs Via NO-cGMP Signaling Pathway
Wenhan Liu, Yu Chen, Yu Zhang, Xinran Li, Yanan
Li, Jinghua Zhao and Li Gao*
Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for
Laboratory Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary
Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China;
*Corresponding author: gaoli43450@163.com
Abstract
Ketamine is a commonly used anesthetic for
injection in pigs. However, how ketamine produces anesthesia and analgesia is
unclear. Twenty Bamaminiature pigs were randomly divided into four groups: saline
control, induction (T1=15 min), deep anesthesia (T2=45 min) and recovery (T3=75
min). The cerebrum cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, hippocampus, and thalamus were
collected. Results indicated that the activities or content of the indicators in
different regions was inhibited by ketamine at different periods. The Na+-K+-ATPase
activity in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and brainstem decreased
by 48.69, 20.27, 51.18 and 36.44%, respectively, while the Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase
activity in each region decreased by 28.75, 28.59,
46.58, 64.11 and 34.68%, respectively. The NOS activity in regions except
thalamus decreased by 49.76, 13.12, 13.77 and 15.96%, respectively.
respectively. The content of No in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus
and thalamus decreased by 33.25, 46.93, 44.44 and 50.00%, respectively, and the
cGMP content in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus decreased by
28.25, 29.87 and 40.60%, respectively. The changes of each index were consistent
with the physiological responses of pigs when they are anesthetized. In summary,
ketamine is suitable for pig anesthesia. It produces anesthetic and analgesic
effects via the NO-cGMP signaling pathway, however, more drugs need to be
studied for an effective balanced anesthetic protocol that meets demands.
To Cite This Article:
Liu W, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhao J and
Gao L, 2019. Ketamine produces anesthesia and analgesia in miniature pigs via
NO-CGMP signaling pathway. Pak Vet J, 39(1): 37-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2018.107