Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella is a key One Health issue because resistant lineages and AMR determinants occur across human, animal, food and environmental compartments. This important review article summarizes recent knowledge regarding the epidemiology, resistance mechanisms, integrated control and genomic surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella at the human–animal–environment interface. There are significant differences in resistance patterns among serovars, geographic regions, host populations and surveillance systems. The epidemiology of several non-typhoidal Salmonella lineages includes food-producing animals and food chains, while the quantitative role of food-producing animals, wastewater and other environmental reservoirs in human infections is less well understood. Whole genome sequencing can be used to provide high resolution characterization of resistant lineages, mobile genetic elements, and potential epidemiological clusters, but cannot determine direction of transmission without temporal, spatial and exposure data. Significant restrictions are the use of different sampling approaches, antimicrobial resistance testing and methods and a lack of equal genomic-surveillance capacity, as well as the lack of representation for environmental and low-resource settings. Therefore, coordinated antimicrobial stewardship, food-safety measures, farm biosecurity, environmental surveillance and integration of phenotypic, genomic and epidemiological data across One Health sectors are all necessary to facilitate effective control.

To Cite This Article: Almuzaini AM, 2026. Antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella at the human–animal–environment interface: a critical one health review of epidemiology, genomic surveillance, and integrated control strategies. Pak Vet J, 46(9): 2179-2193. http://dx.doi.org/10.29261/pakvetj/2026.213