Combination of Nicotiana tabacum and Azadirachta indica:
A Novel Substitute to Contain Prevalence of Levamisole and
Ivermectin-Resistant Haemonchus contortus in Ovine
Kareem Khoshnow Hamad§*,
Zafar Iqbal, Zia ud Din Sindhu, Rao Zahid Abbas, Ahrar Khan1,
Ghulam Muhammad2 and Bill Epperson3
Department of Parasitology; ¹Department of
Pathology; 2Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery,
Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad-38040, Pakistan; 3Department of Pathobiology
and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi
State University, PO Box 6100, 240 Wise Centre Drive, MS 39762, USA;
§ Department of Biology, College of Science,
University of Salahaddin, Kurdistan region of Iraq.
*Corresponding author:
kk_hamad@yahoo.com
Abstract
The current study was aimed at exploring the
activity of combined crude aqueous methanol extracts (CAMEs) of Nicotiana
(N.) tabacum leaves and Azadirachta (A.) indica
seed kernels to control levamisole (LEV) and ivermectin (IVM)-resistant
Haemonchus (H.) contortus in sheep. The in vivo fecal
egg count reduction test (FECRT) demonstrated rampancy of resistance among H.
contortus populations against LEV and IVM. There was a significant
difference (P<0.05) between groups treated with the combined plant extracts
compared to other groups treated with solitary N. tabacum and A.
indica. The recorded FECR% at low (1+1g kg-1 BW) and high (2+2g
kg-1 BW) doses was 52.71 and 94.59, respectively for the combined
extracts, whilst for N. tabacum at low (2g kg-1BW) and high (4g kg-1 BW) doses, the FECR% was 87.5 and 88.6,
respectively. Moreover, the FECR% for A. indica was 45.62 and 85.14 at
low (2g kg-1 BW) and high (4g kg-1 BW) doses,
respectively. There was a dose and time dependent ovicidal and adulticidal
activity of CAMEs with estimated LC50 values of 0.523, 0.566 and
1.169 μg ml-1 for the combined extracts, solitary N. tabacum
and A. indica,respectively in egg hatch assay (invitro
test). The estimated LC50 values in adult motility test (in vitro
test) 10 hours post-exposure were 0.17, 0.20 and 0.80 mg ml-1 for the
combined extracts, sole N. tabacum and A. indica,
respectively. Accordingly, the aforementioned combined extracts at high dose
were more efficacious than solitary N. tabacum and A. indica and,
thus, can be used to restrict rampancy of LEV and IVM-resistant H. contortus
populations parasitized in sheep.