Vaccination against Hemorrhagic Septicemia of Bovines: A Review
M Zamri-Saad1*
and S Annas2
1Research Centre for Ruminant
Diseases; 2Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis,
Faculty of Veterinary
Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia *Corresponding author: mzamri@upm.edu.my
Abstract
Hemorrhagic septicemia
is an important disease of cattle and buffaloes in Asia, particularly the South
and Southeast Asia. Since outbreaks lead to numerous deaths and severe economic
loss, control by vaccination is extremely important. However, the current use of
broth vaccine for quick coverage in outbreak area followed by the oil adjuvant
vaccine in the surrounding areas has failed to control the disease. The
recommended annual vaccination using oil adjuvant vaccine prior to the monsoon
season has not been effectively implemented leading to vaccination failure.
Furthermore, the required vaccination coverage of 70% animal population has not
been fulfilled, exposing the unvaccinated animals to disease outbreaks. Thus, a
modified vaccination regime to improve vaccination coverage is suggested. This
involves two major aspects; the use of OIE disease zoning concept to reduce area
size and population number for vaccination, and the use of live attenuated
vaccine to enhance vaccination coverage. The zoning concept that identifies the
hotspots to be vaccinated with the oil adjuvant vaccine is most suitable to be
adopted in the South Asia where animals are kept intensively with close human
contact. On the other hand, the use of live attenuated vaccine might be suitable
in Southeast Asia where animals are kept under extensive system with minimal
human contact. Nevertheless, the respective veterinary authority should guaranty
vaccination coverage of at least 70% of the susceptible animal population to
effectively control disease outbreaks.